Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lungs, a condition known as pulmonary tuberculosis, but it can also involve other organs such as the lymph nodes, brain, spine, kidneys, bones, and abdomen. TB remains one of the most common respiratory infections worldwide and can affect people of all age groups, especially those with weakened immunity.

TB spreads from one person to another through tiny airborne droplets released when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, laughs, or speaks. Close and prolonged contact with a TB patient increases the risk of infection. People with diabetes, malnutrition, smoking habits, chronic lung diseases, or weakened immune systems are more susceptible to developing active TB.

Common Symptoms of Tuberculosis

• Persistent cough lasting more than 2–3 weeks

• Cough with mucus or blood

• Chest pain and difficulty breathing

• Fever and chills

• Night sweats

• Unexplained weight loss

• Loss of appetite

• Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis of TB

Early detection is essential to prevent complications and transmission. Tuberculosis can be diagnosed through:

• Chest X-ray

• Sputum examination and culture

• CBNAAT/GeneXpert test

• Blood tests and skin tests

• CT scan in complicated cases

Treatment and Management

Tuberculosis is completely treatable and curable when diagnosed early and managed properly. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics taken regularly for 6–9 months under medical supervision. It is extremely important for patients to complete the full course of medication, even if symptoms improve earlier, as incomplete treatment can lead to drug-resistant TB.

Prevention of Tuberculosis

• Early screening and timely treatment

• Covering mouth while coughing or sneezing

• Maintaining proper ventilation and hygiene

• Avoiding close contact with untreated TB patients

• Good nutrition and healthy lifestyle

• BCG vaccination in children

With proper medical care, awareness, and adherence to treatment, tuberculosis can be effectively controlled and cured, helping patients return to a healthy and active life.